Studying the political economy of regional budgeting, the paper tried to examine the impact of economic AND political VARIABLES on the consumption, investment, AND total provincial budgets in Iran, quantitatively. Therefore, two sets of PROGRAMMATIC AND TACTICAL VARIABLES were investigated in three panel data models over the period of 2000-2007. The results showed that the provincial budgeting is efficiency-oriented AND not equity-oriented in Iran. In addition, initial capital endowment AND population density associated negatively with the per capita budgets. Regarding the TACTICAL VARIABLES, the results evidenced that provincial budgets increased in the years presidential elections were held. Moreover, the budgets were streamed more to the provinces with less participation rates in the presidential elections AND with more swing voters.

Introduction: TACTICAL urban planning is mentioned as an emerging movement in urban planning in which citizens’,interventions in the urban space in the form of rapid AND low-cost implementation is one of its main features. It is an approach that addresses alternative urban futures based on fundamental democracy AND social justice. This approach seeks to realize the active action of citizens in recovering AND redesigning small-scale urban spaces AND promoting a sense of belonging to urban environments. However, this subject in the internal studies has gotten less precise AND in-depth investigation, so the need to develop a theoretical framework for its application in domestic urban planning is felt. It seems that in our country, like many developing countries, decision-making processes in urban areas are usually top-down. Bureaucratic procedures in preparing AND implementing programs do not have the necessary flexibility, AND people's participation for various reasons is still not fully realized AND not enough. In this situation, carrying out or facilitating some urban projects in a TACTICAL way can increase social capital AND citizen participation, improve AND enhance the quality of urban spaces, AND create places in the form of active citizen agency. Materials AND Methods: This study seeks to answer the three main questions “, What”, , “, Why”, , AND “, How”,about “, TACTICAL Urbanism”,AND develop a theoretical framework of this approach for its application in urban planning AND urban management. In line with research objectives, based on the systematic review method, after searching for sources AND selecting optimal research documents in three stages, scientific documents were selected, AND the process of content analysis, code extraction, AND compilation of themes based on three categories were done. Initial verification was performed on the text of these documents. In the first stage, using the method of "library studies", the subject's background is collected with the help of an online search. In March 2017, in the first phase, 76 articles, dissertations”, , AND scientific-research notes were downloaded by searching for the keywords “, TACTICAL Urban Design”,AND “, TACTICAL Urbanism”,in Google Scholar search environment. It should be noted that the subject of TACTICAL urban planning, due to its nature, has been reflected more in the form of practical projects. Therefore, a significant part of the textual documents available on this subject are guides or practical reports of implemented projects. After carefully reviewing the titles AND summaries of these documents, 23 titles were removed due to insufficient validity, AND the texts of the 53 remaining documents in the second stage were re-examined AND refined. At this stage, with a quick review of the contents, 39 scientific documents were selected. Findings: In the category of “, What”,is TACTICAL urbanism AND in the theme of “, Similar Concepts”, , the codes of “, DIY Urbanism”,AND “, Guerrilla Urbanism”, , in the category of codes related to the theme of “, Characteristics”, , the codes of “, Low Cost”,AND “, Temporary”,AND in the category of codes associated with the theme of “, Nature”, , the code of “, Creativity AND Innovation”,had the most repetition. Content analysis of the category “, Why”,was summarized in two categories of “, Underlying Factors”,in the form of 14 codes AND seven themes, AND also the “, Benefits”,of this method of urban planning in the form of 25 codes AND five themes. In the first category, “, long AND bureaucratic procedures”,AND “, non-accountability of government institutions”, , AND in the second category, “, realization of citizen participation in decision-making AND implementation”,had the most repetition. Also, in the category of “, how”, , the findings of content analysis are organized in the form of the themes of “, actors”, , “, types of applications”, , “, how to do”,AND “, obstacles AND challenges”, . Finally, in the framework of this category, the types of TACTICAL urban planning experiences in the form of completed projects have been analyzed. They have been set in 27 instances AND eight different thematic categories. In this section, “, reuse of lost spaces in the city”,AND “, public art AND details of space design”,have had the most repetition among the examples. The main issues underlying the expansion of TACTICAL urban planning in the world in our country also have their examples with differences in intensity AND quality. Although TACTICAL projects are fast, sometimes temporary, AND in the format of low-cost projects, they have led to significant AND permanent changes in different cities in many cases. Additionally, benefiting from the active agency experience of citizens in organizing AND improving the quality of urban spaces as one of the essential benefits of expANDing TACTICAL urban planning experiences emphasizes the importance of following this approach in a planned manner. Given that the actors of this approach in different countries have included a diverse range of urban agents, involving NGOs AND socially active groups, especially in urban neighborhoods, accompanying AND justifying them concerning the ways to advance TACTICAL projects, their benefits, AND giving examples for ideation, is recommended. Although the decision-making AND implementation of these projects in many countries are followed from the bottom up, the role of city managers, on the one hAND, AND academic professionals AND experts in the field of urban planning, on the other hAND, cannot be ignored. Various examples of TACTICAL urban planning, presented in this study as a regular framework in several specific thematic areas, while emphasizing the contextual view, are applicable in many urban spaces AND neighborhoods of our country AND can be used to start TACTICAL processes AND projects. At the same time, in different neighborhoods AND cities, there are undoubtedly indigenous AND traditional examples of effective AND active agency of citizens, especially in urban neighborhoods, whose revitalization AND strengthening can improve the quality of urban spaces AND help achieve various benefits of TACTICAL urban planning. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used by local managers, urban planners, urban planning stakeholders, AND non-governmental organizations to carry out TACTICAL projects by adopting a localization approach AND considering socio-cultural contexts AND legal potentials.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining AND transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products AND also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, AND this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations AND spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving AND successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning AND carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) AND also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling AND Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, AND autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 VARIABLES (like as “income, cost AND investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment AND desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade AND tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining AND transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products AND also, business activities. The global increase in oil demAND since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells AND large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region AND form a new geographical relationship between ports AND coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure AND relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, AND this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports AND created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth AND physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the VARIABLES AND factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic AND transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy AND commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, BANDar-Abbas AND Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations AND spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving AND successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning AND carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) AND also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative AND the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the VARIABLES affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge AND information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of VARIABLES. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results AND discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the VARIABLES in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system AND their role in the dynamics AND changes of the system. The method of distribution AND dispersion of the VARIABLES in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous AND regulatory VARIABLES). According to the results, some VARIABLES such as “the changes in the strategic positions” AND “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” AND “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” AND “the way of national AND international management of ports have been introduced as driver VARIABLES. On the other hAND, five VARIABLES consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” AND “income, cost AND investment in the port-city”, “the contrast AND physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial AND production activities in the ports AND their local hinterlAND” AND “their qualities Financial AND commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage VARIABLES. Findings of research also shows that some VARIABLES consist of “quality of living environment AND desirable city”, “quantity AND quality of transit corridors (rail, road AND air) to hinterlAND”, “construction AND launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities AND infrastructure AND warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city AND the port” AND “increase in population growth rate AND migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent VARIABLES. Three VARIABLES including “cultural AND historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean AND renewable energies in the city-port” AND “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous VARIABLES. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management AND information technology AND development in loading, unloading AND storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory VARIABLES. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation AND clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic AND foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce AND explain the key VARIABLES affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 VARIABLES have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 VARIABLES extracted, 4 VARIABLES (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment AND desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade AND tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports AND ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city AND the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade AND advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Identifying the constraining factors of production AND yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual AND calculated potential yield were 4495 AND 5703 kg/ha, respectively AND the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing VARIABLES was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 VARIABLES entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application AND its application frequency AND foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these VARIABLES. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 VARIABLES under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield AND relative yield gap for 12 VARIABLES (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen AND phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem AND weeds problem) were 83.64 AND 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate AND can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap AND determining the portion of each restricting yield VARIABLES.

The purpose of this study is to consider the importance role of operational AND financial VARIABLES AND also extract these VARIABLES in four-echelon supply chain network in a systematic mode. In addition, this study explores the direct AND indirect relations of VARIABLES, clustering concepts, making co-occurrence networks AND calculating micro AND macro indices of Scientometrics using co-occurrence analyses. The methodology of the research is content analysis AND Scientometrics. Data were collected from four databases (science direct, emerald, wiley, SID) between 2013-2016. Data analyzes were done by Excel, VosViewer AND Nodexl. The results of the content analysis extract 106 VARIABLES that the most frequent VARIABLES were demAND, profit AND price. In addition, co-occurrence analysis of operational AND financial VARIABLES shows high Solidarity of the network (more than 80 percent density) that the result confirms the goodness clustering of the VARIABLES. Regards to this study, researchers AND practitioners can use AND employ the results in difference modeling (like: mathematical modeling, structural equation model, … ).

Practical training of tactics AND collective movements in the form of TACTICAL exercises based on the unit combat doctrine is performed by a unit in order to increase AND integrate technical AND TACTICAL skills of different components of the unit AND prepares the unit to reach the level of intrinsic readiness defined in the unit readiness system. Missions AND equipment, the presence of diverse geographical environments AND types of threats double the need for TACTICAL exercises. Paying attention to the components of commAND, control, planning AND execution in the formulation AND implementation of TACTICAL artillery exercises in order to prevent waste AND impose high costs on the organization AND improve the quality of TACTICAL exercises of artillery unit commANDers with the harms of this program to optimize it. This research is applied in terms of type AND descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The volume of the statistical sample is a full number AND includes 73 experts in the field of artillery of ground force that a questionnaire with 27 items was distributed among them. Artillery AND its reliability were calculated by Cronbach's alpha) 0. 84). Baes on the results, "compilation of TACTICAL exercises according to the training needs of staff" AND "time of TACTICAL exercises with regard to the geography of the region AND the type of exercise" in the field of commAND AND control AND "preparation of TACTICAL exercises in nine steps" AND "organization for combat AND Talent in accordance with the prepared plans "was identified as the most important injuries in order to optimize TACTICAL exercises.